DNA: The molecular basis of mutations

 DNA: The molecular basis of mutations DNA: The molecular basis of mutations
Since mutations are simply changes in DNA, in order to understand how mutations work, you need to understand how DNA does its job. Your DNA contains a set of instructions for "building" a human. These instructions are inscribed in the structure of the DNA molecule through a genetic code. It works like this: DNA is made of a long sequence of smaller units strung together. There
are four basic types of unit: A, T, G, and C. These letters represents the type of base each unit carries: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The sequence of these bases encodes instructions. Some parts of your DNA are control centers for turning genes on and off, some parts have no function, and some parts have a function that we don't understand yet. Other parts of your DNA are genes that carry the instructions for making proteins — which are long chains of amino acids. These proteins help build an organism.

Protein-coding DNA can be divided into codons — sets of three bases that specify an amino acid or signal the end of the protein. Codons are identified by the bases that make them up — in the example at right, GCA, for guanine, cytosine, and adenine. The cellular machinery uses these instructions to assemble a string of corresponding amino acids (one amino acid for each three bases) that form a protein. The amino acid that corresponds to "GCA" is called alanine; there are twenty different amino acids synthesized this way in humans. "Stop" codons signify the end of the newly built protein.
After the protein is built based on the sequence of bases in the gene, the completed protein is released to do its job in the cell.

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